Design and Performance Analysis for Indoor Visible Light Positioning With Single LED and Single-Tilted-Rotatable PD

Abstract

In recent years, single-LED-based visible light positioning (VLP) systems have been developed because of their low complexity, simple configuration, and feasibility for indoor application scenarios. In this paper, firstly, we describe the system model of the single-tilted-rotatable-photodetector (STRP)-based receiver in single-LED scenario considering the first-order reflection signal. Then, we derive the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the positioning error for the received signal strength (RSS)-based positioning system using the discussed model and select proper inclination and rotation angles according to the derived CRLB. In addition, we analyze the least square (LS) positioning method and propose an improved grey wolf optimization (IGWO)-based localization algorithm with the assistance of the LS method. Finally, the proposed LS-IGWO positioning algorithm has been evaluated in terms of accuracy and latency via software simulations and field tests. Simulation and experiment results show that using the RSS-based positioning model, the proposed LS-IGWO algorithm can achieve centimeter-level positioning accuracy and performs best compared with the original LS, the original GWO, single IGWO, pure LS-GWO, and the existing fingerprint method.