Adaptive Machine Learning Approach for Importance Evaluation of Multimodal Breast Cancer Radiomic Features

Abstract

Abstract Breast cancer holds the highest diagnosis rate among female tumors and is the leading cause of death among women. Quantitative analysis of radiological images shows the potential to address several medical challenges, including the early detection and classification of breast tumors. In the P.I.N.K study, 66 women were enrolled. Their paired Automated Breast Volume Scanner (ABVS) and Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) images, annotated with cancerous lesions, populated the first ABVS+DBT dataset. This enabled not only a radiomic analysis for the malignant vs. benign breast cancer classification, but also the comparison of the two modalities. For this purpose, the models were trained using a leave-one-out nested cross-validation strategy combined with a proper threshold selection approach. This approach provides statistically significant results even with medium-sized data sets. Additionally it provides distributional variables of importance, thus identifying the most informative radiomic features. The analysis proved the predictive capacity of radiomic models even using a reduced number of features. Indeed, from tomography we achieved AUC-ROC $$89.9\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>89.9</mml:mn> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> using 19 features and $$92.1\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>92.1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> using 7 of them; while from ABVS we attained an AUC-ROC of $$72.3\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>72.3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> using 22 features and $$85.8\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>85.8</mml:mn> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> using only 3 features. Although the predictive power of DBT outperforms ABVS, when comparing the predictions at the patient level, only 8.7% of lesions are misclassified by both methods, suggesting a partial complementarity. Notably, promising results (AUC-ROC ABVS-DBT $$71.8\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>71.8</mml:mn> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> - $$74.1\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>74.1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) were achieved using non-geometric features, thus opening the way to the integration of virtual biopsy in medical routine.