Moisture Recycling in the Colombian Andes

Abstract

Abstract The Colombian Andes (CA) are located over the northwestern corner of tropical South America (NW‐TropSA), where land and atmosphere interchange moisture and energy in a complex way owing to the orographic influence on the recycling of moisture over land. We aim to understand where and when water vapor evaporated from land turns into rainfall through moisture recycling, using the Water Accounting Model‐2layers (WAM‐2), an offline model to track atmospheric moisture forced with data from ERA‐5 at its native 0.25° resolution during 1980–2020. We define the spatiotemporal distribution of sources (high evaporation recycle ratios, ϵ C ) and receptors (high precipitation recycle ratios, ρ C ) of continental moisture at diverse timescales, including monthly, seasonal, annual and interannual (ENSO). Referring to the regional runs of WAM‐2 over NW‐TropSA (4°S–12°N/80°W–66°W), at elevations above 1,000 m.a.s.l., the CA has a mean annual ρ C of 11% (ranging 6%–16%) and a mean annual ϵ C of 35% (ranging 27%–40%). Moisture recycling in the CA exhibits a strong annual cycle over the region. The seasonal dynamic of moisture recycling shows two clear‐cut sources of moisture: the eastern foothills of the Eastern and Central ranges of the CA. Both foothills are also regions of high rainfall, although moisture recycling mechanisms differ. Sources of continental moisture grow spatially during September‐October‐November and March‐April‐May. The seasonal availability of moisture recycled coincides with regions where orography interacts with low level jets sourcing humidity. At interannual timescales, sources and receptors of continental moisture in the CA are modulated by the extreme phases of ENSO.