An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants was conducted in and around Fiche District, North Shewa Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia from September 2011 to January 2012. Ten kebeles were selected from North to South and East to West directions of Fiche District and its surroundings by purposive sampling method. Six informants including one key informant were selected from each kebele for data collection by using printed data collection sheets containing, semi-structured interview questions, group discussion and guided field walk. The plant specimens were identified by using taxonomic keys in the Floras of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics; informant consensus factor and fidelity level using MS-Excel 2010. Totally, 155 medicinal plants belonging to 128 genera and 65 families were recorded. Most medicinal plants (72.9%) were used for human healthcare in which Lamiaceae was dominant (11%) in which Ocimum lamiifolium, Otostegia integrifolia and Leonotis ocymifolia were the most common species. Herbs were dominant (43.87%) flora followed by shrubs (35.48%). The most frequently used plant parts for remedial preparation were leaves (38.1%) followed by roots (14.8%) and others. Fresh plant parts were used mostly (47.7%) followed by dried (13.5%) and the remaining (38.7%) either in fresh or dried. Among the preparations, crushing was the dominant (21.3%) form followed by squeezing (16.1%). The remedial administration was mostly oral (38.7%) followed by dermal (29%). The highest (88%) ICF was associated with intestinal parasites followed by emergency diseases (82%). The FL of Actiniopteris semiflabellata, Plantago lanceolata, Capparis tomentosa and Clerodendrum myricoides was calculated 100% irrespective of diseases. In conclusion, rich diversity of floras were mostly practiced in crude form and to prevent extinction of medicinal plants due to unsustainable anthropogenic activities, local communities need to give attention for in-situ and ex-situ conservation, which is harmonized with adoption of sustainable utilization patterns and preservation of their valuable biocultural knowledge. This documentation was first hand information and need to confirm through scientific investigation for the welfare of future generation.

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