Synergically improved energy storage performance and stability in sol–gel processed BaTiO ₃/(Pb,La,Ca)TiO ₃/BaTiO ₃ tri-layer films with a crystalline engineered sandwich structure

Abstract

Achieving an excellent energy storage performance, together with a high cycling reliability, is desirable for expanding the technological applications of ferroelectric dielectrics. However, in a well-crystallized ferroelectric material, the concomitant high polarizability and low polarization-saturation field have led to a square-shaped polarization-electric field loop, fatally impairing both recoverable energy density (<em>W</em>_rec) and efficiency (<em>η</em>). Nanocrystalline ferroelectric films with a macroscopically amorphous structure have shown an improved <em>W</em>_rec and <em>η</em>, but their much-lower polarizability demands an extremely high electric field to achieve such performances, which is undesirable from economical viewpoints. Here, we propose a strategy to boost the energy storage performances and stabilities of ferroelectric capacitors simultaneously by constructing a tri-layer film in which a well-crystallized ferroelectric layer was sandwiched by two pseudo-linear dielectric layers with a dominant amorphous structure. In sol-gel-derived BaTiO₃/(Pb,La,Ca)TiO₃/BaTiO₃ (BTO/PLCT/BTO) tri-layer films, we show that the above design is realized via a rapid thermal annealing which fully crystallized the middle PLCT layer while left the top/bottom BTO cap layers in a poor crystallization status. This sandwiched structure is endowed with an enhanced maximum polarization while a small remnant one, and a much-delayed polarization saturation, which corresponds to a large <em>W</em>_rec~80 J/cm³ and a high <em>η~</em>86%. Furthermore, the film showed an outstanding cycling-stability: its <em>W</em>_rec and <em>η </em>remain essentially unchanged after 10⁹ electric cycles (D<em>W</em>/<em>W&lt;</em>4%, D<em>η</em>/<em>η&lt;</em>2%). These good energy storage characteristics have proved the effectiveness of our proposed strategy, paving a way for the utilization of sandwiched films in applications of electric power systems and advanced pulsed-discharge devices.