Multi-Stage Treatment for Spetzler–Martin Grades III, IV, and V Arteriovenous Malformations: Preoperative Embolization and Microsurgical Resection in a Consecutive Series of 250 Patients

Abstract

A multi-stage treatment for high-grade AVMs is feasible for selected cases but comes at a functional cost. The devascularization percentage was not associated with the investigated outcomes. Age > 80 years was associated with poor safety and effectiveness outcomes; consequently, this treatment should be offered only in exceptional circumstances.