Future Technologies for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) from Electric Vehicles—Overview of Latest Trends and Challenges

Abstract

The work describes the construction of lithium-ion batteries, with particular emphasis on metals that can be obtained as secondary raw materials. The work presents the latest trends in the recycling of lithium-ion batteries, using pyro- and hydrometallurgical methods, or their combination. The ecological aspect of the impact of the recycling processes on the environment is shown, as well as the challenges and expectations for the future in the field of recycling processes.