CURLY LEAF modulates apoplast liquid water status in Arabidopsis leaves

Abstract

The apoplast of plant leaves, the intercellular space between mesophyll cells, is normally largely filled with air with a minimal amount of liquid water in it, which is essential for key physiological processes such as gas exchange to occur. Phytopathogens exploit virulence factors to induce a water-rich environment, or "water-soaked" area, in the apoplast of the infected leaf tissue to promote disease. We propose that plants evolved a "water soaking" pathway, which normally keeps a nonflooded leaf apoplast for plant growth but is disturbed by microbial pathogens to facilitate infection. Investigation of the "water soaking" pathway and leaf water control mechanisms is a fundamental, yet previously overlooked, aspect of plant physiology. To identify key components in the "water soaking" pathway, we performed a genetic screen to isolate Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) severe water soaking (sws) mutants that show liquid water overaccumulation in the leaf under high air humidity, a condition required for visible water soaking. Here, we report the sws1 mutant, which displays rapid water soaking upon high humidity treatment due to a loss-of-function mutation in CURLY LEAF (CLF), encoding a histone methyltransferase in the POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2). We found that the sws1 (clf) mutant exhibits enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) levels and stomatal closure, which are indispensable for its water soaking phenotype and mediated by CLF's epigenetic regulation of a group of ABA-associated NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC) transcription factor genes, NAC019/055/072. The clf mutant showed weakened immunity, which likely also contributes to the water soaking phenotype. In addition, the clf plant supports a substantially higher level of Pseudomonas syringae pathogen-induced water soaking and bacterial multiplication, in an ABA pathway and NAC019/055/072-dependent manner. Collectively, our study sheds light on an important question in plant biology and demonstrates CLF as a key modulator of leaf liquid water status via epigenetic regulation of the ABA pathway and stomatal movement.