Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Molecular and Metabolic Basis of Flavonoids in <i>Areca catechu</i> L.

Abstract

<i>Areca catechu</i> L., of the Arecaceae family, is widely distributed in tropical Asia. In <i>A. catechu</i>, the extracts and compounds, including flavonoids, have various pharmacological activities. Although there are many studies of flavonoids, the molecular mechanism of their biosynthesis and regulation remains unclear in <i>A. catechu</i>. In this study, 331 metabolites were identified from the root, stem, and leaf of <i>A. catechu</i> using untargeted metabolomics, including 107 flavonoids, 71 lipids, 44 amino acids and derivatives, and 33 alkaloids. The transcriptome analysis identified 6119 differentially expressed genes, and some were enriched in the flavonoid pathway. To analyze the biosynthetic mechanism of the metabolic differences in <i>A. catechu</i> tissues, 36 genes were identified through combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis, in which glycosyltransferase genes <i>Acat_15g017010</i> and <i>Acat_16g013670</i> were annotated as being involved in the glycosylation of kaempferol and chrysin by their expression and in vitro activities. Flavonoid biosynthesis could be regulated by the transcription factors, <i>AcMYB5</i> and <i>AcMYB194</i>. This study laid a foundation for further research on the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway of <i>A. catechu</i>.