The signaling function of IDO1 incites the malignant progression of mouse B16 melanoma

Abstract

Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a leader tryptophan-degrading enzyme, represents a recognized immune checkpoint molecule. In neoplasia, IDO1 is often highly expressed in dendritic cells infiltrating the tumor and/or in tumor cells themselves, particularly in human melanoma. In dendritic cells, IDO1 does not merely metabolize tryptophan into kynurenine but, after phosphorylation of critical tyrosine residues in the non-catalytic small domain, it triggers a signaling pathway prolonging its immunoregulatory effects by a feed-forward mechanism. We here investigated whether the non-enzymatic function of IDO1 could also play a role in tumor cells by using B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells transfected with either the wild-type <i>Ido1</i> gene (<i>Ido1^WT</i> ) or a mutated variant lacking the catalytic, but not signaling activity (<i>Ido1^H350A</i> ). As compared to the <i>Ido1^WT</i> -transfected counterpart (B16^WT), B16-F10 cells expressing <i>Ido1^H350A</i> (B16^H350A) were characterized by an <i>in vitro</i> accelerated growth mediated by increased Ras and Erk activities. Faster growth and malignant progression of B16^H350A cells, also detectable <i>in vivo</i>, were found to be accompanied by a reduction in tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells and an increase in Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells. Our data, therefore, suggest that the IDO1 signaling function can also occur in tumor cells and that alternative therapeutic approach strategies should be undertaken to effectively tackle this important immune checkpoint molecule.