Aerobic Degradation of the Antidiabetic Drug Metformin by <i>Aminobacter</i> sp. Strain NyZ550

Abstract

Metformin is becoming one of the most common emerging contaminants in surface and wastewater. Its biodegradation generally leads to the accumulation of guanylurea in the environment, but the microorganisms and mechanisms involved in this process remain elusive. Here, Aminobacter sp. strain NyZ550 was isolated and characterized for its ability to grow on metformin as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy under oxic conditions. This isolate also assimilated a variety of nitrogenous compounds, including dimethylamine. Hydrolysis of metformin by strain NyZ550 was accompanied by a stoichiometric accumulation of guanylurea as a dead-end product. Based on ion chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and comparative transcriptomic analyses, dimethylamine was identified as an additional hydrolytic product supporting the growth of the strain. Notably, a microbial mixture consisting of strain NyZ550 and an engineered Pseudomonas putida PaW340 expressing a guanylurea hydrolase was constructed for complete elimination of metformin and its persistent product guanylurea. Overall, our results not only provide new insights into the metformin biodegradation pathway, leading to the commonly observed accumulation of guanylurea in the environment, but also open doors for the complete degradation of the new pollutant metformin.