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A framework for predicting the carbonation depth of concrete incorporating fly ash based on a least squares support vector machine and metaheuristic algorithms

Geotechnical EngineeringCarbonation DepthEngineeringMachine LearningMetaheuristic AlgorithmsCivil EngineeringConcrete TechnologyReinforced ConcreteFly AshStructural OptimizationCement-based Construction MaterialConstruction EngineeringStructural Engineering