Publication | Open Access
On the Sound Speed in Neutron Stars
188
Citations
45
References
2022
Year
Relativistic AstrophysicsNeutron Star PhysicsPhysicsNatural SciencesStellar StructureNuclear TheorySound SpeedAstrophysical SimulationNeutron ScatteringHigh-energy AstrophysicsCompact StarsContinuous Sound SpeedNuclear AstrophysicsLarge DensitiesAstrophysics
Abstract Determining the sound speed c s in compact stars is an important open question with numerous implications on the behavior of matter at large densities and hence on gravitational-wave emission from neutron stars. To this scope, we construct more than 10 7 equations of state (EOSs) with continuous sound speed and build more than 10 8 nonrotating stellar models consistent not only with nuclear theory and perturbative QCD, but also with astronomical observations. In this way, we find that EOSs with subconformal sound speeds, i.e., with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:math> within the stars, are possible in principle but very unlikely in practice, being only 0.03% of our sample. Hence, it is natural to expect that <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:math> somewhere in the stellar interior. Using our large sample, we obtain estimates at 95% credibility of neutron-star radii for representative stars with 1.4 and 2.0 solar masses, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>12.42</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.99</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.52</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi>km</mml:mi> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>12.12</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.23</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.11</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi>km</mml:mi> </mml:math> , and for the binary tidal deformability of the GW170817 event, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>˜</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.186</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>485</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>211</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>225</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> . Interestingly, our lower bounds on the radii are in very good agreement with the prediction derived from very different arguments, namely, the threshold mass. Finally, we provide simple analytic expressions to determine the minimum and maximum values of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>˜</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:math> as a function of the chirp mass.
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