Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors

TLDR

Head and neck cancer incidence is rising, with possible shifts in underlying causes. The study aims to narratively review epidemiological literature on head and neck cancer burden, incidence and mortality trends worldwide and in the UK, and to evaluate current risk factors. The authors searched PubMed and Epistemonikos for systematic reviews and meta‑analyses on incidence, mortality, and risk factors of head and neck cancer. Incidence and mortality of head and neck cancer have increased, especially oropharyngeal cancer, with multiple definitions used in studies, and major risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, betel chewing, and HPV.

Abstract

Introduction Head and neck cancer appears to be increasing in incidence, with potential changes in aetiology proposed. This paper aims to provide a narrative overview of the epidemiological literature to describe the disease burden and trends in terms of incidence and mortality both in the UK and globally and to review the evidence on current risk factors.Methods A search was performed on multiple databases (PubMed and Epistemonikos), applying filters to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses which investigated head and neck cancer incidence, mortality and risk factors. International and UK cancer registries and sources were searched for incidence and mortality data.Results Multiple definitions of head and neck cancer are employed in epidemiology. Globally, incidence rates have increased in recent decades, largely driven by oropharyngeal cancer. Mortality rates over the last decade have also started to rise, reflecting the disease incidence and static survival rates. Major risk factors include tobacco smoking alone and in combination with alcohol consumption, betel chewing (particularly in Southeast Asian populations) and the human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer.Conclusions These epidemiological data can inform clinical and preventive service planning for head and neck cancer.