Incidence of Cutaneous Adverse Events With Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Inhibitors as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients With Cancer

Abstract

Importance The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is among the most frequently activated pathways in human cancers. As the use of PI3K inhibitors for cancer treatment grows, there is increasing need for understanding the cutaneous effects associated with these therapies. Objective To systematically review the published literature reporting incidence of cutaneous adverse events with PI3K inhibitors and to provide pooled incidence estimates using meta-analysis. Data Sources This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses ( PRISMA ) reporting guidelines. The literature search concerned entries through September 2021 in the following sources: PubMed, Cochrane registry, ClinicalTrials.gov, and evidence from the NHS UK and Trip medical database. To analyze PI3K inhibitors’ cutaneous adverse events incidence, only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were considered. The search strategy used the following keywords: (prevalence OR incidence OR epidemiology) and (phosphoinositide 3 kinase inhibitors OR PI3K inhibitors). No language restriction was applied. Analysis was conducted on July 1, 2022. Study Selection Studies included phase 2 and phase 3 RCTs that reported incidence of cutaneous adverse events associated with use of PI3K inhibitors. Data Extraction and Measures Data extracted included sex, medication name and class, sample size, rash incidence, and grade. The bias risk was assessed by the Cochrane tool for risk of bias assessment in RCTs. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was incidence of PI3K inhibitor cutaneous adverse events among the overall population and among subgroups. Effect sizes were calculated as odds ratios (ORs), with Peto ORs used to calculate outcome of incidence of severe. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic. Results The analysis found the incidence of PI3K inhibitor cutaneous events of any grade to be 29.30% in the intervention group, translating to a pooled odds ratio (OR) for incidence of cutaneous adverse events of any grades of 2.55 (95% CI, 1.74-3.75). Incidence of severe grade (grade ≥3) of rash in the intervention group was estimated to be 3.41%, yielding a pooled Peto OR of 6.36 (95% CI, 4.58- 8.83). Subgroup analyses revealed that the incidence of severe cutaneous adverse events (grade ≥3) was did not differ between classes of PI3K inhibitors. Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta-analysis identified an overall incidence of PI3K inhibitor cutaneous adverse events of any grade to be 29.30% with a pooled OR of 2.55; (95% CI, 1.74-3.75). These findings clarify the risk of cutaneous adverse events associated with this important class of anticancer therapies.