Restorative urban environments for healthy cities: a theoretical model for the study of restorative experiences in urban built settings

TLDR

Urban environments increasingly dominate human life, yet urban living is linked to poor psychological health, posing a challenge for city well‑being. The essay aims to show how restorative‑environment research can guide healthy‑city strategies by exploring urban settings’ restorative outcomes. The authors present a three‑level theoretical model linking physical and symbolic features of urban settings to active and passive restoration, showing that top‑down features can boost affect and well‑being.

Abstract

Urban landscapes are becoming the main ecosystem for human life. Given that urban living can be associated with poor psychological health, one specific challenge faced by cities is related to psychological well-being. The current essay discusses how restorative environments research can offer significant insights into the strategy of healthy cities by guiding the exploration of their restorative outcomes. We propose a theoretical model elucidating the physical and symbolic features of urban settings that can aid processes of active and passive restoration—based on theory and evidence from restorative environments research. Future research should consider urban psychological restoration in a broader sense and lend greater relevance to the exploration of the restorative potential of the full range of urban built settings.HIGHLIGHTSThere is a need to explore the characteristics of urban built settings that support psychological health.We propose a three-level model of restoration that discusses supportive features and potential benefits.Active restoration—activated by top-down features—enhances positive affect and well-being in non-stressed individuals.Future research should broaden theoretical definitions and explore the full range of restorative built settings.