Natural history, spectrum and outcome of stage 3 <scp>AKI</scp> in patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIM: There is limited data on natural course and interventions in stage-3 acute kidney injury (AKI-3) in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). We studied the factors of AKI-3 reversal and outcomes of dialysis in ACLF patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients with ACLF were prospectively enrolled (n = 1022) and variables determining AKI and its outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: At 1 month, 337 (33%) patients had AKI-3, of which, 131 had AKI-3 at enrolment and 206 developed AKI-3 during hospital stay. Of patients with AKI-3 at enrolment, 18% showed terlipressin response, 21% had AKI resolution and 59% required dialysis. High MELD (≥35) (model 1), serum bilirubin (≥23 mg/dL) (model 2) and AARC score (≥11) (model 3) were independent risk factors for dialysis. Dialysis was associated with worse survival in all AKI patients but improved outcomes in patients with AKI-3 (p = .022, HR 0.69 [0.50-0.95]). Post-mortem kidney biopsies (n = 61) revealed cholemic nephropathy (CN) in 54%, acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in 31%, and a combination (CN and ATN) in 15%. Serum bilirubin was significantly higher in patients with CN, CN and ATN compared with ATN respectively ([30.8 ± 12.2] vs. [26.7 ± 12.0] vs. [18.5 ± 9.8]; p = .002). CONCLUSION: AKI-3 rapidly increases from 13% to 33% within 30 days in ACLF patients. Histopathological data suggested cholemic nephropathy as the predominant cause which correlated with high bilirubin levels. AKI-3 resolves in only one in five patients. Patients with AARC grade 3 and MELD >35 demand need for early dialysis in AKI-3 for improved outcomes.