Dual-Locked DNAzyme Platform for <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Discrimination of Cancer Cells

Abstract

Imaging of tumor-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) can provide abundant information for cancer diagnosis, whereas the occurrence of trace amounts of miRNAs in normal cells inevitably causes an undesired false-positive signal in the discrimination of cancer cells during miRNA imaging. In this study, we propose a dual-locked (D-locked) platform consisting of the enzyme/miRNA-D-locked DNAzyme sensor and the honeycomb MnO₂ nanosponge (hMNS) nanocarrier for highly specific cancer cell imaging. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and miR-21 were chosen as key models. The hMNS nanocarrier can efficiently release the D-locked DNAzyme sensor in living cells due to the decomposition of hMNS by glutathione, which can also supply Mn²⁺ for DNAzyme cleavage. Ascribing to the smart design of the D-locked DNAzyme sensor, the fluorescence signal can only be generated by the synergistic response of APE1 and miR-21 that are overexpressed in cancer cells. Compared with the miRNA single-locked DNAzyme sensor and the small-molecule (ATP)/miRNA D-locked DNAzyme sensor, the proposed enzyme (APE1)/miRNA D-locked DNAzyme sensor exhibited 2.6-fold and 2.4-fold higher discrimination ratio (<i>F</i>_cancer/<i>F</i>_normal) for cancer cell discrimination, respectively. Owing to the superior performance, the D-locked strategy can selectively generate a fluorescence signal in cancer cells, facilitating accurate discrimination of cancer both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Furthermore, this D-locked platform is easily adaptable toward other target molecules by redesigning the DNA sequences. The outstanding performance and expansibility of this D-locked platform holds promising prospects for cancer diagnosis and related biomedical applications.