Structure-Based Identification of Naphthoquinones and Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of Main Protease M ^pro and Papain-like Protease PL ^pro of SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 urgently demands novel direct antiviral treatments. The main protease (M^pro) and papain-like protease (PL^pro) are attractive drug targets among coronaviruses due to their essential role in processing the polyproteins translated from the viral RNA. In this study, we virtually screened 688 naphthoquinoidal compounds and derivatives against M^pro of SARS-CoV-2. Twenty-four derivatives were selected and evaluated in biochemical assays against M^pro using a novel fluorogenic substrate. In parallel, these compounds were also assayed with SARS-CoV-2 PL^pro. Four compounds inhibited M^pro with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values between 0.41 μM and 9.0 μM. In addition, three compounds inhibited PL^pro with IC₅₀ ranging from 1.9 μM to 3.3 μM. To verify the specificity of M^pro and PL^pro inhibitors, our experiments included an assessment of common causes of false positives such as aggregation, high compound fluorescence, and inhibition by enzyme oxidation. Altogether, we confirmed novel classes of specific M^pro and PL^pro inhibitors. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest stable binding modes for M^pro inhibitors with frequent interactions with residues in the S1 and S2 pockets of the active site. For two PL^pro inhibitors, interactions occur in the S3 and S4 pockets. In summary, our structure-based computational and biochemical approach identified novel naphthoquinonal scaffolds that can be further explored as SARS-CoV-2 antivirals.