Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers Related to Oxidative Stress and Macrophage Ferroptosis in Atherosclerosis

Abstract

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which has a complex interplay between altered immune metabolism and oxidative stress. Therefore, we aimed to determine the oxidative stress and immune-related biomarkers in AS. Differential gene expression analyses are based on the GSE100927 dataset in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and 389 oxidative stress (OS) genes are identified based on gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). We identified 74 differentially expressed genes related to oxidative stress (DEOSGs). "CIBERSORT" and "WGCNA" R Packages were used to compare the differences in immune infiltration levels between AS and control samples. The DEOSGs (<i>N</i> = 74) were intersected with the key module's genes of WGCNA (<i>N</i> = 972), and 27 differentially expressed immune-related oxidative stress genes (DEIOSGs) were obtained. To identify the pivotal genes, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database and the Cytoscape software. <i>MMP9</i>, <i>ALOX5</i>, <i>NCF2</i>, <i>NCF</i>, and <i>NCF4</i> were identified as diagnostic markers of AS, and we validated them in the GSE57691 dataset. The expression levels of the five diagnostic genes were significantly highly expressed in the AS group. Correlation analysis and single-cell analysis revealed that five diagnostic genes were mainly correlated with macrophages M1. We, respectively, intersected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with ferroptosis gene set, necroptosis gene set, and pyroptosis gene set. The findings suggested that <i>ALOX5</i> and <i>NCF2</i> were differentially expressed genes of ferroptosis. High expression of five hub genes in RAW264.7 macrophages were confirmed by PCR. High <i>ALOX5</i> and <i>NCF2</i> expression levels in plaque tissues were confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting. Our study identified that <i>MMP9</i>, <i>ALOX5</i>, <i>NCF2</i>, <i>NCF1</i>, and <i>NCF4</i> were diagnostic genes of AS and associated with oxidative stress. <i>ALOX5</i> and <i>NCF2</i> may be involved in the formation of the necrotic core in AS by regulating macrophage ferroptosis.