Transfer of Micro(nano)plastics in animals: A mini-review and future research recommendation

Abstract

The distribution, accumulation, and transfer of micro(nano)plastics (MnPs) in animals has been a key task of ecological risk research. Understanding the translocation of MnPs may help extrapolate toxicity and health risks to organisms. Here, we briefly summarize the distribution of MnPs in the tissues and organs of aquatic and terrestrial animals. Then, we review and discuss three transfer modes of MnPs: translocation in tissues and organs, transfer by intergeneration, and movement through the food web. Additionally, factors affecting translocation are discussed. Together, these phenomena present urgent and important challenges for future research.