Effects of an Observer on Handwashing in a Public Restroom

Abstract

This experiment tests a prediction derived from social influence theories that increased awareness of self enhances normative behavior, specifically, that the frequency and duration of handwashing in a public restroom will be increased by the presence of an observer. When a second person was present, 24 of 31 female subjects washed their hands after using toilet facilities, while only 11 of 28 washed when they were alone. Among those who washed, no significant difference in duration of washing was observed. The results are consistent with Wicklund's theory of objective self-awareness and other theories of social influence.