Sampling in design research: Eight key considerations

TLDR

How a research team defines their study sample can decisively shape impact on both practice and theory, yet sampling in design research faces challenges such as diverse terminology, limited prior literature, and lack of a common framework. The authors aim to address these challenges by synthesizing guidance from related fields and cross‑referencing published design research examples. They propose a structured process for sample development and present eight key sampling considerations. The paper advances research method selection, development, and use, and expands discussions on knowledge construction, reporting standards, and design research impact.

Abstract

How a research team defines their study sample can be decisive in shaping impact on both practice and theory. However, sampling in design research faces several major challenges, including diverse terminology, limited prior literature, and lack of common framework for discussing sampling decisions. We address these challenges by bringing together guidance from across related research fields as well as cross-referring to examples from published design research. We offer a structured process for sample development and present eight key sampling considerations. The paper contributes to research method selection, development, and use, as well as extending discussions surrounding knowledge construction, standards of reporting, and design research impact.