1997 · 31 citations · 5 references
Social SciencesInternational RelationsLeadershipConflict PreventionConflict ResolutionDiplomacyCrisis Decision-makingCrisis PreventionEarly WarningEarly Warning SystemsPreventive DiplomacyWarning SystemsCrisis DeterrenceCrisis Early WarningCrisis Response MechanismsPreventive Action PlanningPreventive Crisis CommunicationPublic Response To WarningsTimely Warning CommunicationWarning Response Behavior
In this concise essay, Alexander George and Jane Holl argue that leaders need the kind of warning that will induce them to act preventively, not simply warning that a bad situation is getting worse. Leaders tend to put off hard decisions as long as they can, and this has often resulted in delay or paralysis in dealing with developing crises. To prevent violent conflicts, leaders must overcome this initial policy paralysis.
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Ernest B. Gilman · Pacific Affairs · 1968 · 128 citations
Joseph S. Nye · Foreign Affairs · 1994 · 58 citations
Social Sciences, International Relations, Political Science +10
The United States and the Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949
Gaddis Smith, Avi Shlaim · Foreign Affairs · 1983 · 10 citations