The "Horizontal Effect" of the Human Rights Act

Abstract

The tobacco-specific nitrosamines <i>N</i>'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are considered to be two of the most important carcinogens in unburned tobacco and its smoke. They readily cause tumors in laboratory animals and are classified as "carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. DNA adduct formation by these two carcinogens is believed to play a critical role in tobacco carcinogenesis. Among all the DNA adducts formed by NNN and NNK, 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo)-derived adducts have not been fully characterized. In the study reported here, we characterized the formation of <i>N</i>⁶-[4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl]-2'-deoxyadenosine (<i>N</i>⁶-POB-dAdo) and its reduced form <i>N</i>⁶-PHB-dAdo formed by NNN 2'-hydroxylation in rat liver and lung DNA. More importantly, we characterized a new dAdo adduct <i>N</i>⁶-[4-hydroxy-1-(pyridine-3-yl)butyl]-2'-deoxyadenosine (<i>N</i>⁶-HPB-dAdo) formed after NaBH₃CN or NaBH₄ reduction both <i>in vitro</i> in calf thymus DNA reacted with 5'-acetoxy-<i>N</i>'-nitrosonornicotine and <i>in vivo</i> in rat liver and lung upon treatment with NNN. This adduct was specifically formed by NNN 5'-hydroxylation. Chemical standards of <i>N</i>⁶-HPB-dAdo and the corresponding isotopically labeled internal standard [pyridine-<i>d</i>₄]<i>N</i>⁶-HPB-dAdo were synthesized using a four-step method. Both NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry data agreed well with the proposed structure of <i>N</i>⁶-HPB-dAdo. The new adduct coeluted with the synthesized internal standard under various LC conditions. Its product ion patterns of MS² and MS³ transitions were also consistent with the proposed fragmentation patterns. Chromatographic resolution of the two diastereomers of <i>N</i>⁶-HPB-dAdo was successfully achieved. Quantitation suggested a dose-dependent response of the levels of this new adduct in the liver and lung of rats treated with NNN. However, its level was lower than that of 2-[2-(3-pyridyl)-<i>N</i>-pyrrolidinyl]-2'-deoxyinosine, a previously reported dGuo adduct that is also formed from NNN 5'-hydroxylation. The identification of <i>N</i>⁶-HPB-dAdo in this study leads to new insights pertinent to the mechanism of carcinogenesis by NNN and to the development of biomarkers of NNN metabolic activation.