Amplification of spatially isolated adenosine pathway by tumor–macrophage interaction induces anti-PD1 resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

In summary, HCC-derived exosomal circTMEM181 contributes to immunosuppression and anti-PD1 resistance by elevating CD39 expression, and inhibiting the ATP-adenosine pathway by targeting CD39 on macrophages can rescue anti-PD1 therapy resistance in HCC.