RETRACTED ARTICLE: Interference of KLF9 relieved the development of gestational diabetes mellitus by upregulating DDAH2

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a situation where glucose intolerance is found in pregnant women without a previous diagnosis of diabetes. The role of Kruppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) has not been investigated in GDM, which constituted the aim of our study. HTR8/SVneo cells were induced by high glucose (HG) and pregnant mice were treated with streptozocin (STZ) to establish GDM model in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The expression level of KLF9 was detected by real-time PCR, immunohistochemical staining, and Western blot. Cell viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress were investigated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), TUNEL, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and oxidative stress detection kits, respectively. The interaction of KLF9 with dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 (DDAH2) was predicted by bioinformatic tools and confirmed by luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The expression of KLF9 was increased in the placental tissues of GDM patients and HG-induced HTR8/SVneo cells. Silencing of KLF9 increased cell viability, reduced cell apoptosis, and suppressed inflammation and oxidative stress in HG-induced HTR8/SVneo cells. KLF9 could bind to DDAH2 promoter and negatively regulate DDAH2 expression. Inhibition of DDAH2 partly weakened the effects of KLF9 silencing on cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The suppressive effects of KLF9 silencing on blood glucose and insulin concentration in vivo were also abolished by DDAH2 knockdown. In conclusion, we provided evidence that interference of KLF9 could hinder the development of GDM by alleviating cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress through upregulating DDAH2, which might instruct the targeting therapies against GDM.Abbreviations: KLF9: Kruppel-like factor 9; DDAH2: dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 ; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; CCK-8: cell counting kit-8; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; sh: short hairpin; HG: high glucose; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; DAPI: 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; ROS: reactive oxygen species; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; wt: wild-type; mut: mutant