Nanoscale Covalent Organic Frameworks with Donor–Acceptor Structures as Highly Efficient Light-Responsive Oxidase-like Mimics for Colorimetric Detection of Glutathione

Abstract

Although organic artificial enzymes have been reported as biomimetic oxidation catalysts and are widely used for colorimetric biosensors, developing organic artificial enzymes with high enzymatic activity is still a challenge. Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have shown superior potential in biocatalysts because of their periodic π–π arrays, tunable pore size and structure, large surface area, and thermal stability. The interconnection of electron acceptor and donor building blocks in the 2D conjugated COF skeleton can lead to narrower band gaps and efficient charge separation and transportation and thus is helpful to improve catalytic activity. Herein, a donor–acceptor 2D COF was synthesized using tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)pyrene (Py) as an electron donor and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbaldehyde (TT) as an electron acceptor. Under visible light irradiation, the donor–acceptor 2D COF exhibited superior enzymatic catalytic activity, which could catalyze the oxidation of chromogenic substrates such as 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by the formation of superoxide radicals and holes. Based on the above property, the photoactivated donor–acceptor 2D COF with enzyme-like catalytic properties was designed as a robust colorimetric probe for cheap, highly sensitive, and rapid colorimetric detection of glutathione (GSH); the corresponding linear range of GSH was 0.4–60 μM, and the limit of detection was 0.225 μM. This study not only presents the construction of COF-based light-activated nanozymes for environmentally friendly colorimetric detection of GSH but also provides a smart strategy for improving nanozyme activity.