Oral Administration of Resveratrol-Selenium-Peptide Nanocomposites Alleviates Alzheimer’s Disease-like Pathogenesis by Inhibiting Aβ Aggregation and Regulating Gut Microbiota

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, leading to neurotoxicity (oxidative stress and neuroinflammation) and gut microbiota imbalance. Resveratrol (Res) has neuroprotective properties, but its bioavailability <i>in vivo</i> is very low. Herein, we developed a small Res-selenium-peptide nanocomposite to enable the application of Res for eliminating Aβ aggregate-induced neurotoxicity and mitigating gut microbiota disorder in aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) and d-galactose(d-gal)-induced AD model mice. Res functional selenium nanoparticles (Res@SeNPs) (8 ± 0.34 nm) were prepared first, after which the surface of Res@SeNPs was decorated with a blood-brain barrier transport peptide (TGN peptide) to generate Res-selenium-peptide nanocomposites (TGN-Res@SeNPs) (14 ± 0.12 nm). Oral administration of TGN-Res@SeNPs improves cognitive disorder through (1) interacting with Aβ and decreasing Aβ aggregation, effectively inhibiting Aβ deposition in the hippocampus; (2) decreasing Aβ-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing activity of antioxidation enzymes in PC12 cells and <i>in vivo</i>; (3) down-regulating Aβ-induced neuroinflammation via the nuclear factor kappa B/mitogen-activated protein kinase/Akt signal pathway in BV-2 cells and <i>in vivo</i>; and (4) alleviating gut microbiota disorder, particularly with respect to oxidative stress and inflammatory-related bacteria such as <i>Alistipes</i>, <i>Helicobacter</i>, <i>Rikenella</i>, <i>Desulfovibrio,</i> and <i>Faecalibaculum</i>. Thus, we anticipate that Res-selenium-peptide nanocomposites will offer a new potential strategy for the treatment of AD.