Growth of single crystals in the (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–(Sr1–xCax)TiO3 system by solid state crystal growth

Abstract

Abstract Ceramics based on (Na 1/2 B 1/2 )TiO 3 are promising candidates for actuator applications because of large strains generated by an electric field-induced phase transition. For example, the (1− x )(Na 1/2 Bi 1/2 )TiO 3 - x SrTiO 3 system exhibits a morphotropic phase boundary at x = 0.2–0.3, leading to high values of inverse piezoelectric constant d* 33 , which can be further improved by the use of single crystals. In our previous work, single crystals of (Na 1/2 B 1/2 )TiO 3 -SrTiO 3 and (Na 1/2 B 1/2 )TiO 3 -CaTiO 3 were grown by the solid state crystal growth technique. Growth in the (Na 1/2 B 1/2 )TiO 3 -SrTiO 3 system was sluggish whereas the (Na 1/2 B 1/2 )TiO 3 -CaTiO 3 single crystals grew well. In the present work, 0.8(Na 1/2 Bi 1/2 )TiO 3 -0.2(Sr 1− x Ca x )TiO 3 single crystals (with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) were produced by the solid state crystal growth technique in an attempt to improve crystal growth rate. The dependence of mean matrix grain size, single crystal growth distance, and electrical properties on the Ca concentration was investigated in detail. These investigations indicated that at x = 0.3 the matrix grain growth was suppressed and the driving force for single crystal growth was enhanced. Replacing Sr with Ca increased the shoulder temperature T s and temperature of maximum relative permittivity T max , causing a decrease in inverse piezoelectric properties and a change from normal to incipient ferroelectric behavior.