Internet of Things: A General Overview between Architectures, Protocols and Applications

TLDR

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged from the rapid proliferation of internet‑connected devices equipped with sensors that digitize environmental and human interactions, generating vast data streams shared across networks and fueling applications such as smart cities, roads, and industries. This article examines the current architectures, technologies, protocols, and applications that define the IoT paradigm. The authors conduct a comprehensive review of IoT architectures, technologies, protocols, and applications.

Abstract

In recent years, the growing number of devices connected to the internet has increased significantly. These devices can interact with the external environment and with human beings through a wide range of sensors that, perceiving reality through the digitization of some parameters of interest, can provide an enormous amount of data. All this data is then shared on the network with other devices and with different applications and infrastructures. This dynamic and ever-changing world underlies the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. To date, countless applications based on IoT have been developed; think of Smart Cities, smart roads, and smart industries. This article analyzes the current architectures, technologies, protocols, and applications that characterize the paradigm.