First determination of some phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activities of Geranium ibericum subsp. jubatum: A plant endemic to Turkey

Abstract

This paper includes the results of the first study about the phenolic characteristics and antimicrobial analyses of <i>Geranium ibericum</i> subsp. <i>jubatum</i> species found in Turkey <i>.</i> In the present work, the phenolic contents of different parts of the <i>G. ibericum</i> (flower, root, leaf) were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-DAD (diode-array detector) and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS (mass spectrometry). The following phenolic compounds were investigated: catechin, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, <i>p</i> -coumaric acid, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol <i>.</i> Based on the results obtained, the roots and flowers of the plant are found to be very rich in ellagic acid (3473.57 µg g^-1 dry plant) and catechin (2228.76 µg g^-1 dry plant). The amount of chlorogenic acid (54.570 µg g^-1 dry plant) is also high in the roots. The amounts of protocatechuic acid (122.5 µg g^-1 dry plant) and gallic acid (725.34 µg g^-1 dry plant) are high in the leaves. In addition, the total extract of <i>G. ibericum</i> obtained from leaf, flower, and root was tested against 6 gram-negative bacteria and <i>Candida albicans</i> . The <i>G. ibericum</i> extract was nearly as effective as commercial antibiotics at some concentrations (500-750 µg µL^-1) for <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> , <i>Klebsiella pneumonia</i> , <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> , and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> .