Structure-Based Knowledge Tracing: An Influence Propagation View

Abstract

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental but challenging task in online education that traces learners' evolving knowledge states. Much attention has been drawn to this area and several works such as Bayesian Knowledge Tracing and Deep Knowledge Tracing are proposed. Recent works have explored the value of relations among concepts and proposed to introduce knowledge structure into KT task. However, the propagated influence among concepts, which has been shown to be a key factor in human learning by the educational theories, is still under-explored. In this paper, we propose a new framework called Structure-based Knowledge Tracing (SKT), which exploits the multiple relations in knowledge structure to model the influence propagation among concepts. In the SKT framework, we not only consider the temporal effect on the exercising sequence but also take the spatial effect on the knowledge structure into account. We take advantages of two novel formulations in modeling the influence propagation on the knowledge structure with multiple relations. For undirected relations such as similarity relations, the synchronization propagation method is adopted, where the influence propagates bidirectionally between neighbor concepts. For directed relations such as prerequisite relations, the partial propagation method is applied, where the influence can only unidirectionally propagate from a predecessor to a successor. Meanwhile, we employ the gated functions to update the states of concepts temporally and spatially. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and interpretability of SKT.