Characterization of E-cigarette coil temperature and toxic metal analysis by infrared temperature sensing and scanning electron microscopy – energy-dispersive X-ray

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have rapidly evolved since their introduction to the U.S. market. The rebuildable atomizer (RBA) offers user-driven modification to the heating element (coil) and wicking systems. Different coil materials can be chosen based on user needs and preferences. However, the heating element of an e-cigarette is believed to be one-source for toxic metal exposure. METHODS: E-cigarette coils from Kanthal and nichrome wires were constructed in a contact and non-contact configuration and heated at four voltages. The maximum temperatures of the coils were measured by infrared temperature sensing when dry and when saturated with 100% vegetable glycerin or 100% propylene glycol. The metal composition of each coil was analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) when new, and subsequently after 1, 50, and 150 heat cycles when dry. RESULTS: The coils reached temperatures above 1000 °C when dry, but were below 300 °C in both liquid-saturated mediums. Metal analysis showed a decrease of 9-19% chromium and 39-58% iron in Kanthal wire and a decrease of 12-14% iron and 39-43% nickel in nichrome wire after 150 heat cycles. Significant metal loss was observed after one heat cycle for both coil alloys and configurations. CONCLUSIONS: The loss of metals from these heat cycles further suggests that the metals from the coils are potentially entering the aerosol of the e-cigarette, which can be inhaled by the user.