Rostrocaudal patterning and neural crest differentiation of human pre-neural spinal cord progenitors in vitro

Abstract

ABSTRACT The spinal cord emerges from a niche of neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) formed and maintained by Wnt/FGF signals at the posterior end of the embryo. NMPs can be generated from human pluripotent stem cells and hold promise for spinal cord replacement therapies. However, NMPs are transient, which complicates the full range production of rostrocaudal spinal cord identities in vitro . Here we report the generation of NMP-derived pre-neural progenitors (PNPs) with stem cell-like self-renewal capacity. PNPs maintain pre-spinal cord identity by co-expressing the transcription factors SOX2 and CDX2, and lose mesodermal potential by downregulating TBXT. For 7 to 10 passages PNPs divide to self-renew and to make trunk neural crest (NC), while gradually adopting a more posterior identity by activating colinear HOX gene expression. This HOX clock can be halted at the thoracic level for up to 30 passages by blocking the trunk-to-tail transition through GDF11-mediated signal inhibition.