In Vivo Generation of PFOA, PFOS, and Other Compounds from Cationic and Zwitterionic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Terrestrial Invertebrate (<i>Lumbricus terrestris</i>)

Abstract

= 2) and yields (0.9-5.1 mol %) of metabolites. Peak-shaped bioaccumulation profiles were frequently observed for the studied PFAS. Residual zwitterionic/cationic PFAS in earthworms were detected at the end of the elimination phase, indicating that not all zwitterionic/cationic PFAS molecules in vivo are available for enzymatic degradation. Finally, the relative importance of different exposure routes (i.e., waterborne and dietary exposure) was investigated.