The Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Inventory of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): Genome-Wide Identification, Evolutionary Characterization and Expression Analysis

Abstract

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase superfamily, belonging to heme-thiolate protein products, plays a vital role in metabolizing physiologically valuable compounds in plants. To date, CYP superfamily genes have not yet been characterized in grapevine (<i>V. vinifera</i> L.), and their functions remain unclear. In this study, a sum of 236 <i>VvCYPs</i>, divided into 46 families and clustered into nine clans, have been identified based on bioinformatics analyses in grapevine genome. The characteristics of both exon-intron organizations and motif structures further supported the close evolutionary relationships of <i>VvCYP</i> superfamily as well as the reliability of phylogenetic analysis. The gene number-based hierarchical cluster of CYP subfamilies of different plants demonstrated that the loss of CYP families seems to be limited to single species or single taxa. Promoter analysis elucidated various <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements related to phytohormone signaling, plant growth and development, as well as abiotic/biotic stress responses. The tandem duplication mainly contributed to the expansion of the <i>VvCYP</i> superfamily, followed by singleton duplication in grapevine. Global RNA-sequencing data of grapevine showed functional divergence of <i>VvCYPs</i> as diverse expression patterns of <i>VvCYPs</i> in various organs, tissues, and developmental phases, which were confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Taken together, our results provided valuable inventory for understanding the classification and biological functions of the <i>VvCYPs</i> and paved the way for further functional verification of these <i>VvCYPs</i> and are helpful to grapevine molecular breeding.