Insight into the Characteristics and New Mechanism of Nicosulfuron Biodegradation by a <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. LAM1902

Abstract

A total of five strains of nicosulfuron-degrading bacteria were isolated from a continuously cultivated microbial consortium using culturomics. Among them, a novel <i>Pseudomonas</i> strain, LAM1902, with the highest degradation efficiency was investigated in detail. The characteristics of nicosulfuron-degradation by LAM1902 were investigated and optimized by response surface analysis. Furthermore, non-targeted metabolomic analysis of extracellular and intracellular biodegradation of nicosulfuron by LAM1902 was carried out by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-time-of-flight/mass spectroscopy (GC-TOF/MS). It was found that nicosulfuron was degraded by LAM1902 mainly via breaking the sulfonylurea bridge, and this degradation might be attributed to oxalate accumulation. The results of GC-TOF/MS also showed that the intracellular degradation of nicosulfuron did not occur. However, nicosulfuron exerted a significant influence on the metabolism of inositol phosphate, pyrimidine, arginine/proline, glyoxylate, and dicarboxylate metabolism and streptomycin biosynthesis. The changes of <i>myo</i>-inositol, trehalose, and 3-aminoisobutanoic acid were proposed as a mechanism of self-protection against nicosulfuron stress.