Controlling the Polymorphism and Topology Transformation in Porphyrinic Zirconium Metal–Organic Frameworks via Mechanochemistry

Abstract

Tetratopic porphyrin-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a particularly interesting subclass of zirconium MOFs due to the occurrence of several divergent topologies. Control over the target topology is a demanding task, and reports often show products containing phase contamination. We demonstrate how mechanochemistry can be exploited for controlling the polymorphism in 12-coordinated porphyrinic zirconium MOFs, obtaining pure hexagonal PCN-223 and cubic MOF-525 phases in 20–60 min of milling. The reactions are mainly governed by the milling additives and the zirconium precursor. In situ monitoring by synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction revealed that specific reaction conditions resulted in the formation of MOF-525 as an intermediate, which rapidly converted to PCN-223 upon milling. Electron spin resonance measurements revealed significant differences between the spectra of paramagnetic centers in two polymorphs, showing a potential of polymorphic Zr-MOFs as tunable supports in spintronics applications.