Maiden application of cascade tilt‐integral–tilt‐derivative controller for performance analysis of load frequency control of interconnected multi‐source power system

Abstract

This study presents a maiden application of cascade tilt‐integral–tilt‐derivative (CC‐TI‐TD) controller for the performance analysis of load frequency control (LFC) of interconnected multi‐source power system (MSPS). The studied controller is realised based on cascade control theory and fractional order calculus. TI controller is used as a master controller and TD controller served as slave controller in the proposed CC‐TI‐TD controller. To demonstrate the performance of proposed CC‐TI‐TD controller, first, it is applied to single‐area MSPS followed by two‐area MSPS in the presence of electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed controller gains' parameters are optimised by state‐of‐the‐art water cycle algorithm (WCA) according to the minimisation of fitness function. First, the effectiveness of proposed WCA‐tuned CC‐TI‐TD controller over the WCA‐tuned cascade proportional‐integral–proportional‐derivative (CC‐PI‐PD) controller and modified grey wolf optimisation‐based tuned proportional‐integral derivative and CC‐PI‐PD controllers has been explored in single‐area‐studied power system. Second, the performance of WCA‐tuned CC‐TI‐TD controller with and without presence of EVs in a two‐area interconnected MSPS is assessed with respect to another class of the fractional order controller termed as integral tilt‐derivative controller. Lastly, sensitivity analysis and the effect of time delay on LFC performance are carried out to show the robustness of proposed CC‐TI‐TD controller.