PCL-MECM-Based Hydrogel Hybrid Scaffolds and Meniscal Fibrochondrocytes Promote Whole Meniscus Regeneration in a Rabbit Meniscectomy Model

Abstract

Regeneration of an injured meniscus continues to be a scientific challenge due to its poor self-healing potential. Tissue engineering provides an avenue for regenerating a severely damaged meniscus. In this study, we first investigated the superiority of five concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4%) of meniscus extracellular matrix (MECM)-based hydrogel in promoting cell proliferation and the matrix-forming phenotype of meniscal fibrochondrocytes (MFCs). We found that the 2% group strongly enhanced chondrogenic marker mRNA expression and cell proliferation compared to the other groups. Moreover, the 2% group showed the highest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen production by day 14. We then constructed a hybrid scaffold by 3D printing a wedge-shaped poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold as a backbone, followed by injection with the optimized MECM-based hydrogel (2%), which served as a cell delivery system. The hybrid scaffold (PCL-hydrogel) clearly yielded favorable biomechanical properties close to those of the native meniscus. Finally, PCL scaffold, PCL-hydrogel, and MFCs-loaded hybrid scaffold (PCL-hydrogel-MFCs) were implanted into the knee joints of New Zealand rabbits that underwent total medial meniscectomy. Six months postimplantation we found that the PCL-hydrogel-MFCs group exhibited markedly better gross appearance and cartilage protection than the PCL scaffold and PCL-hydrogel groups. Moreover, the regenerated menisci in the PCL-hydrogel-MFCs group had similar histological structures, biochemical contents, and biomechanical properties as the native menisci in the sham operation group. In conclusion, PCL-MECM-based hydrogel hybrid scaffold seeded with MFCs can successfully promote whole meniscus regeneration, and cell-loaded PCL-MECM-based hydrogel hybrid scaffold may be a promising strategy for meniscus regeneration in the future.