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An intensity, image-based method to estimate gap fraction, canopy openness and effective leaf area index from phase-shift terrestrial laser scanning

Precision AgricultureEngineeringForest BiometricsBotanyBiogeographyLand UseGap FractionForestryGeographyCanopy OpennessRemote SensingSocial SciencesOptical Remote SensingTerrestrial SensingForest InventoryEarth ScienceImage-based MethodDeforestation