Exploring Mitochondria-Mediated Intrinsic Apoptosis by New Phytochemical Entities: An Explicit Observation of Cytochrome <i>c</i> Dynamics on Lung and Melanoma Cancer Cells

Abstract

Hydnocarpin (Hy) is a flavonoid isolated and purified from the seeds of <i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i> Blume. Herein, we have developed a built-in semi-synthetic modification on Hy by one-pot multi-component reaction and a [3 + 2] cycloaddition strategy to append five membered isoxazole and isoxazolone as new phytochemical entities (NPCEs). Two selected NPCEs viz Hy-ISO-VIII and Hy-ISO-G from the library of 20 newly synthesized derivatives after in vitro screening unveiled promising cytotoxicity and induced caspase-mediated apoptosis against the human lung and melanoma cancer cells which were well supported by virtual screening based on ligand binding affinity and molecular dynamic simulations. As a new insight, we introduced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to identify the chemo-marker molecular fingerprint to confirm the cellular uptake, cytochrome <i>c</i> release, and DNA fragmentation in a label-free manner. The present findings throw up a surfeit of seminal reasons behind the semi-synthetic modification of Hy, stepping forward to cancer chemotherapy.