2019 · 745 citations · 31 references
ComputingComputer ScienceComputer VisionMachine LearningMachine VisionDeep LearningObject DetectionRepresentation LearningScene UnderstandingCrowd CountingCrowd Scene AnalysisFiltersKernel SizeReceptive Field Encoding
Current crowd‑counting methods rely on deep networks with fixed filters and auxiliary classifiers to estimate density, but they are not end‑to‑end trainable and have limited contextual scope, especially for perspective distortion. The paper proposes an end‑to‑end trainable architecture that fuses multi‑receptive‑field features and learns their importance per image location. The method adaptively encodes contextual scale by learning feature importance across multiple receptive fields. The resulting algorithm outperforms state‑of‑the‑art methods, particularly under strong perspective distortion.
State-of-the-art methods for counting people in crowded scenes rely on deep networks to estimate crowd density. They typically use the same filters over the whole image or over large image patches. Only then do they estimate local scale to compensate for perspective distortion. This is typically achieved by training an auxiliary classifier to select, for predefined image patches, the best kernel size among a limited set of choices. As such, these methods are not end-to-end trainable and restricted in the scope of context they can leverage. In this paper, we introduce an end-to-end trainable deep architecture that combines features obtained using multiple receptive field sizes and learns the importance of each such feature at each image location. In other words, our approach adaptively encodes the scale of the contextual information required to accurately predict crowd density. This yields an algorithm that outperforms state-of-the-art crowd counting methods, especially when perspective effects are strong.
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