Leveraging a Low-Affinity Diazaspiro Orthosteric Fragment to Reduce Dopamine D₃ Receptor (D₃R) Ligand Promiscuity across Highly Conserved Aminergic G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

Abstract

Previously, we reported a 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-9-(3-((4-methyl-5-phenyl-4 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)propyl)-3,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane (1) compound with excellent dopamine D₃ receptor (D₃R) affinity (D₃R K_i = 12.0 nM) and selectivity (D₂R/D₃R ratio = 905). Herein, we present derivatives of 1 with comparable D₃R affinity (32, D₃R K_i = 3.2 nM, D₂R/D₃R ratio = 60) and selectivity (30, D₃R K_i = 21.0 nM, D₂R/D₃R ratio = 934). Fragmentation of 1 revealed orthosteric fragment 5a to express an unusually low D₃R affinity ( K_i = 2.7 μM). Compared to piperazine congener 31, which retains a high-affinity orthosteric fragment (5d, D₃R K_i = 23.9 nM), 1 was found to be more selective for the D₃R among D₁- and D₂-like receptors and exhibited negligible off-target interactions at serotoninergic and adrenergic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), common off-target sites for piperazine-containing D₃R scaffolds. This study provides a unique rationale for implementing weakly potent orthosteric fragments into D₃R ligand systems to minimize drug promiscuity at other aminergic GPCR sites.