Growth Hormone Receptor Gene is Essential for Chicken Mitochondrial Function In Vivo and In Vitro

Abstract

The growth hormone receptor (<i>GHR</i>) gene is correlated with many phenotypic and physiological alternations in chicken, such as shorter shanks, lower body weight and muscle mass loss. However, the role of the <i>GHR</i> gene in mitochondrial function remains unknown in poultry. In this study, we assessed the function of mitochondria in sex-linked dwarf (SLD) chicken skeletal muscle and interfered with the expression of <i>GHR</i> in DF-1 cells to investigate the role of the <i>GHR</i> gene in chicken mitochondrial function both in vivo and in vitro. We found that the expression of key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes were downregulated and accompanied by reduced enzymatic activity of OXPHOS complexes in SLD chicken skeletal muscle and <i>GHR</i> knockdown cells. Then, we assessed mitochondrial function by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial swelling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, ATP levels and the mitochondrial respiratory control ratio (RCR), and found that mitochondrial function was impaired in SLD chicken skeletal muscle and <i>GHR</i> knockdown cells. In addition, we also studied the morphology and structure of mitochondria in <i>GHR</i> knockdown cells by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and MitoTracker staining. We found that knockdown of <i>GHR</i> could reduce mitochondrial number and alter mitochondrial structure in DF-1 cells. Above all, we demonstrated for the first time that the <i>GHR</i> gene is essential for chicken mitochondrial function in vivo and in vitro.