Extreme reduction in nutritional value of a key forage fish during the Pacific marine heatwave of 2014-2016

Abstract

The Pacific MHW cul-minated in record-breaking heat content anomalies in 2016 for the Gulf of Alaska Ocean warmth was intensified by a strong El Nio event and strong positive sea level pressure anomalies that suppressed heat loss to the atmosphere MHWs can have wide-reaching influence across food webs, from primary producers to top predators. Mass mortality events of seabirds and marine mammals have