Numerical unmixing of weakly and strongly magnetic minerals: examples with synthetic mixtures of magnetite and hematite

Abstract

The characterization of magnetic minerals in rocks often uses methods that measure induced magnetization. When rocks, sediments or soils contain two magnetic phases, in which one has a high saturation magnetization (MS), for example magnetite, and the other a low MS, for example hematite, the induced magnetization will be dominated by the stronger phase. An earlier study by Frank and Nowaczyk has shown that even when magnetite makes up <10 wt per cent of the ferromagnetic content, it will mask hematite. This makes identification of phases with low MS difficult to identify. We conduct a systematic study of synthetic mixtures of single domain magnetite and hematite with a broad spectrum of particle size, using hysteresis properties, acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) and first-order reversal curve distributions (FORC). Hysteresis parameters and FORC distributions do not vary significantly from the pure magnetite sample for hematite concentrations ≤90 wt per cent. IRM is not saturated for hematite concentration of 30 wt per cent or higher. Principle component analysis (PCA) of the processed FORCs, detects the presence of hematite for concentrations 70 wt per cent at the very least. Our results illustrate the difficulty in identifying hematite when it is found together with magnetite. IRM acquisition is the most sensitive method for identifying hematite when it occurs together with magnetite.