Multi‐parametric <i>T</i>₂* magnetic resonance fingerprinting using variable echo times

Abstract

The use of quantitative imaging biomarkers in the imaging of various disease states, including cancer and neurodegenerative disease, has increased in recent years. T 1 , T 2 , and T 2 * relaxation time constants have been shown to be affected by tissue structure or contrast infusion. Acquiring these biomarkers simultaneously in a multi‐parametric acquisition could provide more robust detection of tissue changes in various disease states including neurodegeneration and cancer. Traditional magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) has been shown to provide quick, quantitative mapping of T 1 and T 2 relaxation time constants. In this study, T 2 * relaxation is added to the MRF framework using variable echo times (TE). To demonstrate the feasibility of the method and compare incremental and golden angle spiral rotations, simulated phantom data was fit using the proposed method. Additionally, T 1 / T 2 / T 2 */δ f MRF as well as conventional T 1 , T 2 , and T 2 * acquisitions were acquired in agar phantoms and the brains of three healthy volunteers. Golden angle spiral rotation was found to reduce inaccuracy resulting from off resonance effects. Strong correlations were found between conventional and MRF values in the T 1 , T 2 , and T 2 * relaxation time constants of the agar phantoms and healthy volunteers. In this study, T 2 * relaxation has been incorporated into the MRF framework by using variable echo times, while still fitting for T 1 and T 2 relaxation time constants. In addition to fitting these relaxation time constants, a novel method for fitting and correcting off resonance effects has been developed.