A Mini-Review on Metal Recycling from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

TLDR

The rapid growth of lithium‑ion batteries has led to increasing amounts of spent batteries that contain hazardous heavy metals and toxic chemicals, posing serious ecological and health risks and driving the development of efficient recycling processes for economic and environmental benefits. This review surveys the current metal‑recycling technologies for spent LIBs, outlines the battery structure, and compiles the available recovery methods. The authors compare pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and biometallurgical approaches, evaluate their principles, and assess their effectiveness in extracting metals from spent batteries. They identify key challenges in the recycling chain and propose strategies to enhance recovery efficiency.

Abstract

The rapid growth of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has resulted in an increased number of spent LIBs. Spent LIBs contain not only dangerous heavy metals but also toxic chemicals that pose a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, a great deal of attention has been paid to the development of an efficient process to recycle spent LIBs for both economic aspects and environmental protection. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art processes for metal recycling from spent LIBs, introduce the structure of a LIB, and summarize all available technologies that are used in different recovery processes. It is notable that metal extraction and pretreatment play important roles in the whole recovery process, based on one or more of the principles of pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, biometallurgy, and so forth. By further comparing different recycling methods, existing challenges are identified and suggestions for improving the recycling effectiveness can be proposed.